Big hopes, bigger questions with PD-L1
November 2016—Progress is a complicated minuet. One popular adage talks of “one step forward, two steps back,” which is not only discouraging but, in an even less-gleaming light, happens to be the title of one of Vladimir Lenin’s books, published in 1904. A more optimistic version (and one less centered on the crisis facing communists in turn-of-the-century Russia) suggests advances occur with two steps forward, mitigated by only one step back.