November 2022

November 2022—The lack of tools for assessing traumatic brain injury has long bedeviled physicians. There’s CT. And then? “This has been an unmet medical need for years,” says Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD, the John McCrea Dickson, MD, professor of neurology and director of the Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. “As many of us know, it’s one of the major barriers that has hindered clinically advanced development of new therapies in TBI. And I think it’s pretty clear that the clinical evaluation alone leaves a lot to be desired.” “I am always frustrated that we have limited tools,” agrees Frederick Korley, MD, PhD, associate professor and associate chair for research in emergency medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, and scientific director, Massey TBI Grand Challenge, Weil Institute, University of Michigan. That’s now on the cusp of changing. Blood-based biomarkers for brain injury may not be bellying up to the bar just yet, but they are starting to raise the bar for how physicians assess TBI.

November 2022—The evidence in favor of measuring apolipoprotein B routinely, with other lipid parameters, is now so overwhelming, says cardiologist Allan Sniderman, MD, that he believes it’s unreasonable to deny patients the advantage of apoB. “If evidence is what counts,” he says, “then the care Americans receive should include apoB.”

November 2022—Burnout among Canadian pathologists is prevalent, pain related for some, and workload driven for many. “There needs to be more of us,” says Julia Keith, MD, associate professor in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology at the University of Toronto.

November 2022—In cases of unexpected negative results in toxicology testing, avoid overinterpretation, know your assays and providers, and don’t put off definitive testing when it’s needed, though it’s not a panacea.

November 2022—In mid-October, flu was picking up, with high levels of activity in Texas, Georgia, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and New York. Elsewhere, it was still on the lower side, with less known about what was to come but plans in place. And questions, too, about laboratory testing as it relates to SARS-CoV-2, “which is going to be a challenge,” says David Peaper, MD, PhD, D(ABMM), a member of the CAP Microbiology Committee.

November 2022—Rapid next-generation sequencing in a community hospital setting, performed by histotechnologists and interpreted by anatomic pathologists, is possible and paying off, and it “makes the pathologist a much more meaningful part of the precision oncology team,” says Brandon Sheffield, MD, of the Department of Laboratory Medicine, William Osler Health System, Brampton/Etobicoke, Ontario. “It has changed practice at our hospitals,” he says.

November 2022—What labs want and need from their lab information systems and what the missing pieces are in interoperability are what pathologists and LIS company reps talked to CAP TODAY publisher Bob McGonnagle about when they met online Sept. 12. “The biggest challenge is with device integration” in molecular testing, said J. Mark Tuthill, MD, of Henry Ford Health System. “We have million-dollar instruments and we’re still programming runs manually. We don’t have HL7 order feeds. We don’t have the ability to get result feeds outbound from those devices.”

November 2022—Like me, many of you can remember when you first thought about specializing in pathology, a decision that for a lot of us was made difficult by the notion of “disappearing” from the scene—working behind the scenes and in relative obscurity. As a specialty we are not as self-explanatory as surgery or pediatrics; indeed it can be exhausting for all concerned to explain, even to our fellow physicians, what we do. And so we often find ourselves somewhere between disregarded and misunderstood. Despite this, there is no other specialty with comparable impact. We are aware each time we sign a pathology report that a cascade of usually predictable consequences will ensue, and that upon this work the types of treatment, expectations for response, and tenor of conversations will depend. We know each time we validate a new test, review quality metrics, or accept a specimen for testing that subsequent laboratory results will be accepted as credible and acted upon. In short, while pathologists are not always visible, there can be no doubt that pathologists are palpable.

November 2022—Exposure to lead may cause severe illness in children, including neurological damage, organ failure, and even death. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other agencies recommend routine testing for blood lead levels (BLL) as part of a well-child examination to identify elevated levels and, subsequently, eliminate exposure to lead and initiate therapeutic interventions.

November 2022—Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms show a range of morphologic features and biological risk. At one end of the spectrum, high-grade adenocarcinomas are cytologically malignant and exhibit infiltrative invasion, lymph node metastases, and behavior similar to that of extra-appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinomas.

November 2022—Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an uncommon cause of acute heart attack. It is not associated with high cholesterol or atherosclerosis but, instead, occurs when a small tear or separation in the wall of the coronary artery leads to blood entering a false lumen, occluding blood flow and impairing oxygenation of the heart muscle.

November 2022—Lab test result formats are not standardized, potentially causing confusion when the same test results are displayed differently—for example, when a positive pregnancy test appears as +, P, or positive, or an indeterminate test result appears as DNR, which could be interpreted to mean did not report, did not react, or even do not resuscitate. Because of this issue, the authors trialed standard laboratory result formats across the 130 facilities that are part of the Veterans Health Administration, each of which has one or more CLIA-certified laboratories. The authors selected the most common laboratory tests from each facility, which composed at least 95 percent of a facility’s monthly laboratory test volume between 2000 and 2015. They then specified the standard result formats for these tests based on the facilities’ feedback. Personalized emails were sent weekly, over a 15-week period in 2016, to the facilities’ lab information systems managers, lab managers, and laboratory directors.

November 2022 Q. Is secretory change in endometrial hyperplasia acceptable in the absence of progestin therapy? What is the appropriate way to address an endometrial biopsy with secretory glandular changes and an increase in the gland-to-stroma ratio? Read answer. Q. I want to inquire about verification of target mean/ranges for hematology analytes. We run a control material 20 times and calculate statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. We also calculate total analytical error based on a formula (TAE = bias + 2 SD) and compare the TAE with the allowable total error recommended by CLSI and other sources. For example, if TAE for platelets (based on reading control material 20 times) is less than 25 percent (a CLSI recommended value), we accept the target range; otherwise, we reject it. However, since low concentrations of analytes are prone to a higher degree of variation, the aforementioned target range verification process frequently fails. Is it necessary to accept or reject established target values based on total analytical error? Or is there an alternative way to do that? Read answer. Q. Should an accelerated APTT result be canceled for being clotted, even in the absence of a visible clot? Read answer.

November 2022—Bias—a type of prejudice that may go back to the beginning of humankind—has, in recent years, been the focus of attention with regard to developing machine-learning algorithms for clinical laboratory testing.

November 2022—Volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous. Stan Schofield, president of NorDx and senior VP at MaineHealth, told Compass Group members at their September meeting in Albuquerque that those words describe the state of play for labs today.